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Belimumab, sold under the brand name Benlysta, is a human monoclonal antibody that inhibits B-cell activating factor (BAFF), [6] also known as B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS). [7] It is approved in the United States [ 8 ] and Canada, [ 9 ] and the European Union [ 5 ] to treat systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis.
The definition of the topical route of administration sometimes states that both the application location and the pharmacodynamic effect thereof is local. [ 3 ] In other cases, topical is defined as applied to a localized area of the body or to the surface of a body part regardless of the location of the effect.
A one-year study in a teaching hospital shows that dogs and cats typically experience a 1 in 9 chance of anesthetic complications, with a 1 in 233 risk of death. [12] A larger-scale study states the risk of death in healthy dogs and cats as 1 in 1849 and 1 in 895 respectively. For sick dogs and cats, it was 1 in 75 and 1 in 71 respectively.
Animal euthanasia (euthanasia from Greek: εὐθανασία; "good death") is the act of killing an animal humanely, most commonly with injectable drugs.Reasons for euthanasia include incurable (and especially painful) conditions or diseases, [1] lack of resources to continue supporting the animal, or laboratory test procedures.
The first is concentration, that is, how much of the agent is being administered to the body at once. Under-dosing is a common problem in pharmacy, as predicting an average dose that is effective for all individuals is extremely challenging because body weight and size impacts how the dose acts within the body. [1]
White dog shaker syndrome causes full body tremors in small, white dog breeds. It is most common in West Highland White Terriers, Maltese, Bichons, and Poodles. [6] Wobbler disease (cervical instability) is a condition of the cervical vertebrae that causes an unsteady gait and weakness in dogs.
A cat eating grass – an example of zoopharmacognosy. Zoopharmacognosy is a behaviour in which non-human animals self-medicate by selecting and ingesting or topically applying plants, soils and insects with medicinal properties, to prevent or reduce the harmful effects of pathogens, toxins, and even other animals.
C max is the maximum (or peak) serum concentration that a drug achieves in a specified compartment or test area of the body after the drug has been administered and before the administration of a second dose. [1] It is a standard measurement in pharmacokinetics.