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Urbanization (or urbanisation in British English) is the population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change. It can also mean population growth in urban areas instead of rural ones. [1]
The term urban sprawl is highly politicized and almost always has negative connotations. It is criticized for causing environmental degradation, intensifying segregation, and undermining the vitality of existing urban areas, and is attacked on aesthetic grounds. The pejorative meaning of the term means that few openly support urban sprawl as such.
Misemployment is defined as unproductive labor, meaning that efforts are considered to "contribute little to social welfare," such as the full-time labor of begging. [4] While these phenomena are all caused by excessive rates of migration to cities, it is notable that unemployment and underemployment are also problems in rural areas as well.
Urbanization is a demographic phenomenon that results in a tendency for the population to concentrate in cities, and the thresholds that separate the urban world from the rural world vary greatly on a planetary scale: in fact, the UN's list includes one hundred different definitions of urban population. According to the 2017 World Bank report ...
Features of British urban decay analyzed by the Foundation included empty houses; widespread demolitions; declining property values; and low demand for all property types, neighborhoods, and tenures. [17] Urban decay has been found by the Foundation to be "more extreme and therefore more visible" in the north of the United Kingdom.
With the increase in emissions from vehicles, this then can cause air pollution and degrades the air quality of an area. Suburbanization is growing which causes an increase in housing development, that then results in an increase in land consumption and available land. Suburbanization has also been linked to increases in natural resource use ...
Hollander et al. [6] and Glazer [7] cite railroads in port cities, the depreciation of national infrastructure (i.e., highways), and suburbanization as possible causes of de-urbanization. Pallagst [ 1 ] also suggests that shrinkage is a response to deindustrialization, as jobs move from the city core to cheaper land on the periphery.
Rapid urbanization drives economic growth and causes people to seek working and investment opportunities in urban areas. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] However, as evidenced by poor urban infrastructure and insufficient housing , the local governments sometimes are unable to manage this transition.