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The scute effectively forms the skin over the underlying bony structures; there is a very thin layer of subcutaneous tissue between the scute and the skeleton. The scutes can be brightly colored in some species, and turtle shells often follow Thayer's law with carapace usually being a darker patterning than the plastron, [ 25 ] though there are ...
The rest of the scutes and the skeletal structure beneath them are the same as all turtles: paired gulars, humerals, pectorals, abdominals, and anals. The skeletal elements consist of a single entoplastron, as well as paired epiplastra, entoplastra, hyoplastra, hypoplastra and xiphiplastra (Pritchard & Trebbau, 1984).
The term "gastralia" was proposed by Georg Baur in 1898. [6] They had previously been termed "abdominal ribs", [7] but because the term "abdominal ribs" has been applied to various structures, and the gastralia are not true ribs, this is not considered an appopriate term.
The insect's outer skeleton, the cuticle, consists of two layers; the epicuticle, which is a thin, waxy, water-resistant outer layer that lacks chitin, and the layer under it is called the procuticle. This is chitinous and much thicker than the epicuticle and has two layers, the outer is the exocuticle while the inner is the endocuticle.
The Pleurodira are one of the two living suborders of turtles, the other being the Cryptodira.The division between these two suborders represents a very deep evolutionary divide between two very different types of turtles.
In 1978, Sues agreed with Galton that the anatomy of pachycephalosaurs was consistent with transmitting dome-to-dome impact stress, based on tests with plexi-glass models. The impact would be absorbed through the neck and body, and neck ligaments and muscles would prevent injuries by glancing blows (as in modern bighorn sheep ).
The cleithrum (pl.: cleithra) is a membrane bone which first appears as part of the skeleton in primitive bony fish, where it runs vertically along the scapula. [1] Its name is derived from Greek κλειθρον = " key (lock) ", by analogy with " clavicle " from Latin clavicula = "little key".
Size of the holotype compared to a human. A number of characters present in the holotypic specimen are unique to the genus. These include: The rostral end of dentary possessing a concave notch housing the most mesial alveolus and a dorsally-directed prong on the rostromesial margin of the notch, curving lateral furrows on the lateral surface of the dentary, a surangular with a hypertrophied ...