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A common table expression, or CTE, (in SQL) is a temporary named result set, derived from a simple query and defined within the execution scope of a SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement.
The input and output domains may be the same, such as for SUM, or may be different, such as for COUNT. Aggregate functions occur commonly in numerous programming languages, in spreadsheets, and in relational algebra. The listagg function, as defined in the SQL:2016 standard [2] aggregates data from multiple rows into a single concatenated string.
The PARTITION BY clause groups rows into partitions, and the function is applied to each partition separately. If the PARTITION BY clause is omitted (such as with an empty OVER() clause), then the entire result set is treated as a single partition. [4] For this query, the average salary reported would be the average taken over all rows.
According to PostgreSQL v.9 documentation, an SQL window function "performs a calculation across a set of table rows that are somehow related to the current row", in a way similar to aggregate functions. [7] The name recalls signal processing window functions. A window function call always contains an OVER clause.
Partitioning is commonly implemented alongside replication, storing partition copies across multiple nodes. Each record belongs to one partition but may exist on multiple nodes for fault tolerance. In leader-follower replication systems, nodes can simultaneously serve as leaders for some partitions and followers for others. [1]
The snowflake schema is in the same family as the star schema logical model. In fact, the star schema is considered a special case of the snowflake schema. The snowflake schema provides some advantages over the star schema in certain situations, including: Some OLAP multidimensional database modeling tools are optimized for snowflake schemas. [3]
The star schema is an important special case of the snowflake schema, and is more effective for handling simpler queries. [2] The star schema gets its name from the physical model's [3] resemblance to a star shape with a fact table at its center and the dimension tables surrounding it representing the star's points.
Let C i (for i between 1 and k) be the sum of subset i in a given partition. Instead of minimizing the objective function max(C i), one can minimize the objective function max(f(C i)), where f is any fixed function. Similarly, one can minimize the objective function sum(f(C i)), or maximize min(f(C i)), or maximize sum(f(C i)).