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When tube equipment was common, retailers such as drug stores had vacuum tube testers, and sold replacement tubes. Some Nixie tubes were also designed to use sockets. Throughout the tube era, as technology developed, sometimes differently in different parts of the world, many tube bases and sockets came into use.
Wherever possible, the 12V equivalent of a 6V tube had the same letters, just 12 instead of 6. L as a first letter often indicates a lock-in (Loktal) tube. P as a second letter from the end indicates a CRT. S as a first letter indicates single-ended tubes, related to grid-cap tubes. S as a second letter indicates single-ended tubes.
For transmitting tubes in this system, the second element starts with a dash, a sequentially assigned number, then an optional letter specifying cooling method. For phototubes and photomultipliers, the second element is a sequential number and then a letter code identifying vacuum or gas fill and the type of cathode.
The system assigned numbers with the base form "1A21", and this numbering scheme is occasionally referred to by tube collectors and historians as the "1A21 system". The first digit of the type number was 1-9, providing a rough indication of the filament/heater power rating (and therefore the overall power handling capabilities) of the tube.
European tube manufacturers agreed on the system, but in the UK, MOV (Marconi-Osram Valve), STC/Brimar and Mazda/Ediswan maintained their own systems. Most MOV tubes were cross-licensed copies of RCA types, with a British designation. For example, an MOV X63 valve was the same as an RCA 6A8 tube.
"Plugs, socket-outlets and couplers for industrial purposes" specifies general functional and safety requirements. [4] IEC 60309-2 "Dimensional interchangeability requirements for pin and contact-tube accessories" applies to plugs and socket-outlets, cable couplers and appliance couplers with pins and contact tubes of standardized configurations.
The first system was introduced in 1929. It consisted of one or two letters and a number with up to 3 digits denoting the production number [1] First letter: System type: B (Russian: Б) – Power oscillator tube or barretter; V (Russian: В) – Rectifier; G (Russian: Г) – Transmitting tube ("генераторная" "generator")
A few amplifier tubes used two top caps, symmetrically placed, one for anode and the other for grid. 866 mercury rectifier with anode top cap In audio amplifier tube application, the top cap was originally used for the grid connection, and a serviceman could apply a moist finger to the terminal to confirm that the stage and subsequent circuits ...