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Use during pregnancy can result in harm to the baby. [8] Irinotecan is a topoisomerase inhibitor [9] —it blocks the topoisomerase I enzyme, resulting in DNA damage and cell death. [8] Irinotecan was approved for medical use in the United States in 1996. [8] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [10]
Topical atropine is used as a cycloplegic, to temporarily paralyze the accommodation reflex, and as a mydriatic, to dilate the pupils. [15] Atropine degrades slowly, typically wearing off in 7 to 14 days, so it is generally used as a therapeutic mydriatic, whereas tropicamide (a shorter-acting cholinergic antagonist) or phenylephrine (an α-adrenergic agonist) is preferred as an aid to ...
In the 1850s, atropine was used as antispasmodic in asthma treatment and as morphine antidote for its mydriatic effect. [4] Bezold and Bloebaum showed that atropine blocked the effects of vagal stimulation on the heart in 1867. Subsequently in 1872, Heidenhain found its ability to prevent salivary secretion. [6]
Diphenoxylate/atropine, also known as co-phenotrope and sold under the brand name Lomotil among others, is used to treat diarrhea. [2] [3] It is a fixed-dose combination of the medications diphenoxylate, as the hydrochloride, an antidiarrheal; and atropine, as the sulfate, an anticholinergic. [1] It is taken by mouth. [2] Onset is typically ...
It appears to be safe in pregnancy and breastfeeding. [3] [9] Ipratropium is a short-acting muscarinic antagonist, [10] which works by causing smooth muscles to relax. [3] Common side effects of nasal spray may include headache, dry nose, dry mouth or throat, nasal or throat irritation, nosebleeds, bad taste in mouth, nausea, dizziness, or ...
When atropine and pralidoxime are used together, the signs of atropinization (flushing, mydriasis, tachycardia, dryness of the mouth and nose) may occur earlier than might be expected when atropine is used alone. This is especially true if the total dose of atropine has been large and the administration of pralidoxime has been delayed.
irinotecan (180 mg/m 2 IV over 90 minutes) concurrently with folinic acid (400 mg/m 2 [or 2 x 250 mg/m 2] IV over 120 minutes) followed by fluorouracil (400–500 mg/m 2 IV bolus) then fluorouracil (2400–3000 mg/m 2 intravenous infusion over 46 hours). This cycle is typically repeated every two weeks.
Contraindicated in pregnancy: Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities and/or there is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience, and the risks involved in use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweigh potential benefits.