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The quantity is often called the cohesion and the angle is called the angle of internal friction. Compression is assumed to be positive in the following discussion. If compression is assumed to be negative then should be replaced with .
Internal or effective angle of friction. In cartography and navigation, ɸ denotes latitude; likewise, in geodesy it denotes geodetic latitude. In aircraft flight mechanics as the symbol for bank angle (sometimes represented with the letter theta, which is also used for pitch angle). The work function of a surface, in solid-state physics.
The angle of internal friction is thus closely related to the maximum stable slope angle, often called the angle of repose. But in addition to friction, soil derives significant shear resistance from interlocking of grains. If the grains are densely packed, the grains tend to spread apart from each other as they are subject to shear strain.
This theory, which considers the soil to be in a state of plastic equilibrium, makes the assumptions that the soil is homogeneous, isotropic and has internal friction.The pressure exerted by soil against the wall is referred to as active pressure.
Both the friction angle and cohesion can be considered for each slice. In the general case of the method of slices, the forces acting on a slice are shown in the figure below. The normal ( E r , E l {\displaystyle E_{r},E_{l}} ) and shear ( S r , S l {\displaystyle S_{r},S_{l}} ) forces between adjacent slices constrain each slice and make the ...
The relationship between dilation and internal friction is typically illustrated by the sawtooth model of dilatancy where the angle of dilation is analogous to the angle made by the teeth to the horizontal. Such a model can be used to infer that the observed friction angle is equal to the dilation angle plus the friction angle for zero dilation.
φ′ is the effective internal angle of friction. K pγ is obtained graphically. Simplifications have been made to eliminate the need for K pγ. One such was done by Coduto, given below, and it is accurate to within 10%. [2] = (+) ′ + ′
φ' = the effective stress friction angle, or the 'angle of internal friction' after Coulomb friction. The coefficient of friction is equal to tan(φ'). Different values of friction angle can be defined, including the peak friction angle, φ' p, the critical state friction angle, φ' cv, or residual friction angle, φ' r.