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The Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) [1] is a non-governmental privately held national-level [2] [3] board of school education in India that conducts the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) Examination for Class X and the Indian School Certificate (ISC) for Class XII. [4]
There are also many different types of geodata, including vector files, raster files, geographic databases, web files, and multi-temporal data. Spatial data or spatial information is broader class of data whose geometry is relevant but it is not necessarily georeferenced , such as in computer-aided design (CAD), see geometric modeling .
In teaching technical geography, instructors often need to fall back on examples from human and physical geography to explain the theoretical concepts. [14] While technical geography mostly works with quantitative data, the techniques and technology can be applied to qualitative geography, differentiating it from quantitative geography. [1]
The Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) is a certificate awarded upon satisfactory result in an examination conducted by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, a private board designed to provide an examination in a course of general education, in accordance with the recommendations of the New Education Policy 2020 (), through the medium of English.
GIS data acquisition includes several methods for gathering spatial data into a GIS database, which can be grouped into three categories: primary data capture, the direct measurement phenomena in the field (e.g., remote sensing, the global positioning system); secondary data capture, the extraction of information from existing sources that are ...
Geographic information science (GIScience, GISc) or geoinformation science is a scientific discipline at the crossroads of computational science, social science, and natural science that studies geographic information, including how it represents phenomena in the real world, how it represents the way humans understand the world, and how it can be captured, organized, and analyzed.
The ARC/INFO Coverage data structure (1981), a topological data model based on POLYVRT. Topology was a very early concern for GIS. The earliest vector systems, such as the Canadian Geographic Information System, did not manage topological relationships, and problems such as sliver polygons proliferated, especially in operations such as vector overlay. [9]
The software component of a traditional geographic information system is expected to provide a wide range of functions for handling spatial data: [11]: 16 Data management , including the creation, editing, and storage of geographic data , as well as transformations such as changing coordinate systems and converting between raster and vector ...