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2. Ionosphere - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionosphere

   Relationship of the atmosphere and ionosphere. The ionosphere (/ aɪ ˈ ɒ n ə ˌ s f ɪər /) [1] [2] is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth, from about 48 km (30 mi) to 965 km (600 mi) above sea level, [3] a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar ...

3. F region - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_region

   The density falls off to below 10 4 e/cm 3 at night. The F 1 layer merges into the F 2 layer at night. Though fairly regular in its characteristics, it is not observable everywhere or on all days. The principal reflecting layer during the summer for paths of 2,000 to 3,500 km (1200 to 2200 miles) is the F 1 layer. However, this depends upon the ...

4. File:Ionosphere Layers en.svg - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ionosphere_Layers_en.svg

   2008-10-11T12:52:41Z Sebman81 400x300 (12915 Bytes) {{Information |Description={{en|1=Ionospheric layers. At night the E layer and F layer are present. During the day, a D layer forms and the E and F layers become much stronger. Often during the day the F layer will differenti; Uploaded with derivativeFX

5. Critical frequency - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_frequency

   The other layers(D) interact in other ways - absorption of frequency and during the day, the D Layers forms, and the F layer splits into F1 and F2 layers. Because of changing the Ionosphere during day and night, during daytime higher frequency bands under critical Frequency work best, but during nighttime the lower frequency bands work best.

6. Ionospheric storm - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionospheric_storm

   The F-region is the highest region of the ionosphere. Consisting of the F1 and F2 layers, its distance above the Earth's surface is approximately 200–500 km. [7] The duration of these storms are around a day and reoccur every approximately 27.3 days. [6] Most ionospheric abnormalities occur in the F2 and E layers of the ionosphere.

7. Ionospheric sounding - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionospheric_sounding

   The time delay between transmission and reception is translated into effective ionospheric layer altitude. Vertical incident sounding uses a collocated transmitter and receiver and involves directing a range of frequencies vertically to the ionosphere and measuring the values of the reflected returned signals to determine the effective ...

8. Kennelly–Heaviside layer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennelly–Heaviside_layer

   Layers of the ionosphere.The Kennelly–Heaviside layer is the E region. The Heaviside layer, [1] [2] sometimes called the Kennelly–Heaviside layer, [3] [4] named after Arthur E. Kennelly and Oliver Heaviside, is a layer of ionised gas occurring roughly between 90km and 150 km (56 and 93 mi) above the ground — one of several layers in the Earth's ionosphere.

9. Ionospheric absorption - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionospheric_absorption

   Attenuation diagram, day and night. Ionospheric absorption (ISAB) is the scientific name for absorption occurring as a result of the interaction between various types of electromagnetic waves and the free electrons in the ionosphere, which can interfere with radio transmissions.