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This corresponds to a set of y values whose product is a square number, i.e. one whose factorization has only even exponents. The products of x and y values together form a congruence of squares. This is a classic system of linear equations problem, and can be efficiently solved using Gaussian elimination as soon as the number of rows exceeds ...
For example, antiderivatives of x 2 + 1 have the form 1 / 3 x 3 + x + c. For polynomials whose coefficients come from more abstract settings (for example, if the coefficients are integers modulo some prime number p , or elements of an arbitrary ring), the formula for the derivative can still be interpreted formally, with the coefficient ...
This is because both solutions differ from an integer by the square root of an integer, and so either solution can only be an integer if this square root, and hence the other solution, is also an integer. Every four integers that satisfy the equation in Descartes' theorem form the curvatures of four tangent circles. [33]
In elementary algebra, the binomial theorem (or binomial expansion) describes the algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial.According to the theorem, the power (+) expands into a polynomial with terms of the form , where the exponents and are nonnegative integers satisfying + = and the coefficient of each term is a specific positive integer ...
A non-vertical line can be defined by its slope m, and its y-intercept y 0 (the y coordinate of its intersection with the y-axis). In this case, its linear equation can be written = +. If, moreover, the line is not horizontal, it can be defined by its slope and its x-intercept x 0. In this case, its equation can be written
The solution set for the equations x − y = −1 and 3x + y = 9 is the single point (2, 3). A solution of a linear system is an assignment of values to the variables ,, …, such that each of the equations is satisfied. The set of all possible solutions is called the solution set. [5]
On the other hand, the primes 3, 7, 11, 19, 23 and 31 are all congruent to 3 modulo 4, and none of them can be expressed as the sum of two squares. This is the easier part of the theorem, and follows immediately from the observation that all squares are congruent to 0 (if number squared is even) or 1 (if number squared is odd) modulo 4.
An application of the above formula for the square of a binomial is the "(m, n)-formula" for generating Pythagorean triples: For m < n, let a = n 2 − m 2, b = 2mn, and c = n 2 + m 2; then a 2 + b 2 = c 2. Binomials that are sums or differences of cubes can be factored into smaller-degree polynomials as follows: