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The attenuation in the signal of ground motion intensity plays an important role in the assessment of possible strong groundshaking. A seismic wave loses energy as it propagates through the earth (seismic attenuation). This phenomenon is tied into the dispersion of the seismic energy with the distance. There are two types of dissipated energy:
Attenuation distortion is the distortion of an analog signal that occurs during transmission when the transmission medium does not have a flat frequency response across the bandwidth of the medium or the frequency spectrum of the signal. [1] Attenuation distortion occurs when some frequencies are attenuated more than other
From this, the attenuation constant can be derived and expressed as a function of frequency. (It was the usual practice in the 1920s to display attenuation as a positive parameter, so the response of a low pass filter was displayed as a positively rising curve, with increasing frequency). For the attenuation constant, the expression is of the form:
Path loss, or path attenuation, is the reduction in power density (attenuation) of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates through space. [1] Path loss is a major component in the analysis and design of the link budget of a telecommunication system. This term is commonly used in wireless communications and signal propagation.
For example, in wireless communications the channel is often modeled by a random attenuation (known as fading) of the transmitted signal, followed by additive noise. The attenuation term is a simplification of the underlying physical processes and captures the change in signal power over the course of the transmission.
If the maximum gain is 0 dB, the 3 dB bandwidth is the frequency range where attenuation is less than 3 dB. 3 dB attenuation is also where power is half its maximum. This same half-power gain convention is also used in spectral width, and more generally for the extent of functions as full width at half maximum (FWHM).
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They are constant-resistance networks so they can be cascaded with each other and with other circuits without introducing mismatch problems. In the case of all-pass networks, there is no attenuation region, so the impedances Z a and Z b (of the lattice) are duals of each other at all frequencies and Z 0 is always resistive, equal to R 0. i.e.,