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A gear graph, denoted G n, is a graph obtained by inserting an extra vertex between each pair of adjacent vertices on the perimeter of a wheel graph W n. Thus, G n has 2n+1 vertices and 3n edges. [4] Gear graphs are examples of squaregraphs, and play a key role in the forbidden graph characterization of squaregraphs. [5]
A weighted graph or a network [9] [10] is a graph in which a number (the weight) is assigned to each edge. [11] Such weights might represent for example costs, lengths or capacities, depending on the problem at hand. Such graphs arise in many contexts, for example in shortest path problems such as the traveling salesman problem.
The degree sequence of a directed graph is the list of its indegree and outdegree pairs; for the above example we have degree sequence ((2, 0), (2, 2), (0, 2), (1, 1)). The degree sequence is a directed graph invariant so isomorphic directed graphs have the same degree sequence.
Given a function: from a set X (the domain) to a set Y (the codomain), the graph of the function is the set [4] = {(, ()):}, which is a subset of the Cartesian product.In the definition of a function in terms of set theory, it is common to identify a function with its graph, although, formally, a function is formed by the triple consisting of its domain, its codomain and its graph.
A multigraph with multiple edges (red) and several loops (blue). Not all authors allow multigraphs to have loops. In mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a multigraph is a graph which is permitted to have multiple edges (also called parallel edges [1]), that is, edges that have the same end nodes.
An example of a graph with no K 5 or K 3,3 subgraph. However, it contains a subdivision of K 3,3 and is therefore non-planar. Instead of considering subdivisions, Wagner's theorem deals with minors: A finite graph is planar if and only if it does not have K 5 or K 3,3 as a minor.
The graphs can be used together to determine the economic equilibrium (essentially, to solve an equation). Simple graph used for reading values: the bell-shaped normal or Gaussian probability distribution, from which, for example, the probability of a man's height being in a specified range can be derived, given data for the adult male population.
Graph coloring [2] [3]: GT4 Graph homomorphism problem [3]: GT52 Graph partition into subgraphs of specific types (triangles, isomorphic subgraphs, Hamiltonian subgraphs, forests, perfect matchings) are known NP-complete. Partition into cliques is the same problem as coloring the complement of the given graph.
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