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In molecular biology, an axoneme, also called an axial filament, is the microtubule-based cytoskeletal structure that forms the core of a cilium or flagellum. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Cilia and flagella are found on many cells , organisms , and microorganisms , to provide motility.
Standard anatomical terms of location are used to describe unambiguously the anatomy of animals, including humans. The terms, typically derived from Latin or Greek roots, describe something in its standard anatomical position. This position provides a definition of what is at the front ("anterior"), behind ("posterior") and so on.
In solid mechanics, a bending moment is the reaction induced in a structural element when an external force or moment is applied to the element, causing the element to bend. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The most common or simplest structural element subjected to bending moments is the beam .
Anatomy is often described in planes, referring to two-dimensional sections of the body. A section is a two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut. A plane is an imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body. Three planes are commonly referred to in anatomy and medicine: [1] [2]: 4
In human anatomy, the anatomical planes are defined in reference to a body in the upright or standing orientation. A transverse plane (also known as axial or horizontal plane ) is parallel to the ground; it separates the superior from the inferior , or the head from the feet.
An influence line for a given function, such as a reaction, axial force, shear force, or bending moment, is a graph that shows the variation of that function at any given point on a structure due to the application of a unit load at any point on the structure. An influence line for a function differs from a shear, axial, or bending moment diagram.
For example, bending the elbow, or clenching a hand into a fist, are examples of flexion. When a person is sitting down, the knees are flexed. When a person is sitting down, the knees are flexed. When a joint can move forward and backward, such as the neck and trunk, flexion is movement in the anterior direction. [ 10 ]
Although the moment () and displacement generally result from external loads and may vary along the length of the beam or rod, the flexural rigidity (defined as ) is a property of the beam itself and is generally constant for prismatic members. However, in cases of non-prismatic members, such as the case of the tapered beams or columns or ...