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1980 – Gravity Probe A verifies gravitational redshift to approximately 0.007% using a space-born hydrogen maser. [209] 1980 – James Bardeen explains structure in the Universe using cosmological perturbation theory. [210] 1981 – Alan Guth proposes cosmic inflation in order to solve the flatness and horizon problems. [211]
The chronology of the universe describes the history and future of the universe according to Big Bang cosmology.. Research published in 2015 estimates the earliest stages of the universe's existence as taking place 13.8 billion years ago, with an uncertainty of around 21 million years at the 68% confidence level.
This is a timeline of space exploration which includes notable achievements, first accomplishments and milestones in humanity's exploration of outer space. This timeline generally does not distinguish achievements by a specific country or private company, as it considers humanity as a whole.
A graphical view of the Cosmic Calendar, featuring the months of the year, days of December, the final minute, and the final second. The Cosmic Calendar is a method to visualize the chronology of the universe, scaling its currently understood age of 13.787 billion years to a single year in order to help intuit it for pedagogical purposes in science education or popular science.
The timeline of the Universe lists events from its creation to its ultimate final state. For a timeline of the universe from the present to its presumed conclusion, see: Timeline of the far future; Chronology of the universe; Timeline of the universe
General relativity is a theory of gravitation that was developed by Albert Einstein between 1907 and 1915, with contributions by many others after 1915. According to general relativity, the observed gravitational attraction between masses results from the warping of space and time by those masses.
1916 – Schwarzschild metric modeling gravity outside a large sphere; 1917 - Ernest Rutherford: Proton proved; 1919 – Arthur Eddington:Light bending confirmed – evidence for general relativity; 1919–1926 – Kaluza–Klein theory proposing unification of gravity and electromagnetism; 1922 – Alexander Friedmann proposes expanding universe
A star is a massive luminous spheroid astronomical object made of plasma that is held together by its own gravity.Stars exhibit great diversity in their properties (such as mass, volume, velocity, stage in stellar evolution, and distance from Earth) and some of the outliers are so disproportionate in comparison with the general population that they are considered extreme.