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Separate but equal was a legal doctrine in United States constitutional law, ... 1904 caricature of "White" and "Jim Crow" rail cars by John T. McCutcheon.
Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision ruling that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for African-Americans [2] were equal in quality to those of white people, a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal".
[7] [8] [9] After the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded in 1909, it became involved in a sustained public protest and campaigns against the Jim Crow laws, and the so-called "separate but equal" doctrine.
Jim Crow laws existed throughout the United States and originated from the Black Codes that were passed from 1865 to 1866 and from before the American Civil War. They mandated de jure segregation in all public facilities, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for Americans of African descent. In reality, this led to treatment that was ...
But its residents knew white people could use violence to enforce Jim Crow elsewhere. In 1955, Mamie Till-Mobley stayed in the town during breaks in the trial of two white men accused of torturing ...
After Reconstruction, many southern states passed Jim Crow laws and followed the "separate but equal" doctrine created during the Plessy v. Ferguson case. Segregated libraries under this system existed in most parts of the south.
These restrictions included literacy requirements, voter-registration laws, and poll taxes. The U.S. Supreme Court in 1896 ruled in favor of Jim Crow in the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson, declaring that "separate but equal" facilities for Black people were legal under the 14th Amendment. [96]
Black and White residents picket on Congress Avenue to protest segregation in Austin in 1960. During the Jim Crow era, Black people in the South were subject to multiple forms of state-sponsored ...