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High levels of prolactin during pregnancy and breastfeeding also increase insulin resistance, increase growth factor levels (IGF-1) and modify lipid metabolism in preparation for breastfeeding. During lactation, prolactin is the main factor maintaining tight junctions of the ductal epithelium and regulating milk production through osmotic balance.
Primary causes may manifest prior to or during pregnancy, during labor, and even after birth. [9]: 72–73 Secondary causes are far more common than primary ones. One study found that 15% of healthy first-time mothers had low milk supply 2–3 weeks after birth, with secondary causes accounting for at least two-thirds of those cases. [110]
A woman's breasts change during pregnancy to prepare them for breastfeeding a baby. Normal changes include: Tenderness of the nipple or breast; An increase in breast size over the course of the pregnancy; Changes in the color or size of the nipples and areola; More pronounced appearance of Montgomery's tubercles (bumps on the areola)
Women who had a healthy body weight pre-pregnancy and put on more than 10 pounds (which is recommended and healthy, BTW) might work toward their pre-pregnancy weight over a 12-month period after ...
The support for breastfeeding was further strengthened in the 1975 constitution, particularly through Article 68, which outlines protections for women during pregnancy and nursing. Article 68 guarantees that women receive paid leave both before and after childbirth.
In breastfeeding women, low milk supply, also known as lactation insufficiency, insufficient milk syndrome, agalactia, agalactorrhea, hypogalactia or hypogalactorrhea, is the production of breast milk in daily volumes that do not fully meet the nutritional needs of her infant.
Mothers experiencing breastfeeding difficulties are often being referred to the lactation consultants attached to the maternity unit or a child-and-family health center. [9] Lactation consultants provide breastfeeding assistance, training and advice for the mother-infant pairs facing challenges during breastfeeding. [40] [41]
During pregnancy, pronounced breast growth and maturation occurs in preparation of lactation and breastfeeding. [20] [29] [30] Estrogen and progesterone levels increase dramatically, [20] reaching levels by late pregnancy that are several hundred-fold higher than usual menstrual cycle levels. [31]
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