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The Penrose method (or square-root method) is a method devised in 1946 by Professor Lionel Penrose [1] for allocating the voting weights of delegations (possibly a single representative) in decision-making bodies proportional to the square root of the population represented by this delegation.
With n = 2, the underestimate is about 25%, but for n = 6, the underestimate is only 5%. Gurland and Tripathi (1971) provide a correction and equation for this effect. [ 4 ] Sokal and Rohlf (1981) give an equation of the correction factor for small samples of n < 20. [ 5 ]
Suppose that the entire population of interest is eight students in a particular class. For a finite set of numbers, the population standard deviation is found by taking the square root of the average of the squared deviations of the values subtracted from their average value.
Using the nearest-rank method on lists with fewer than 100 distinct values can result in the same value being used for more than one percentile. A percentile calculated using the nearest-rank method will always be a member of the original ordered list. The 100th percentile is defined to be the largest value in the ordered list.
Definitions of the poverty line vary considerably among nations. For example, rich nations generally employ more generous standards of poverty than poor nations. Even among rich nations, the standards differ greatly. Thus, the numbers are not comparable among countries. Even when nations do use the same method, some issues may remain. [10]
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz or Leibnitz [a] (1 July 1646 [O.S. 21 June] – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat who is credited, alongside Sir Isaac Newton, with the creation of calculus in addition to many other branches of mathematics, such as binary arithmetic, and statistics.
From January 2008 to April 2011, if you bought shares in companies when Robert N. Burt joined the board, and sold them when he left, you would have a -8.5 percent return on your investment, compared to a -7.3 percent return from the S&P 500.
Another method is to use the aberration of light, discovered and explained by James Bradley in the 18th century. [96] This effect results from the vector addition of the velocity of light arriving from a distant source (such as a star) and the velocity of its observer (see diagram on the right). A moving observer thus sees the light coming from ...