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Controls for the reclosers range from the original electromechanical systems to digital electronics with metering and SCADA functions. The ratings of reclosers run from 2.4–38 kV for load currents from 10–1200 A and fault currents from 1–16 kA. [7] [8] On a 3-phase circuit, a recloser is more beneficial than three separate fuse cutouts.
A 115 kV to 41.6/12.47 kV 5 MVA 60 Hz substation with circuit switcher, regulators, reclosers and control building at Warren, Minnesota. It shows elements of low-profile construction, with apparatus mounted on individual columns. A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.
An HVDC converter station (or simply converter station) is a specialised type of substation which forms the terminal equipment for a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission line. [1] It converts direct current to alternating current or the reverse. In addition to the converter, the station usually contains:
Most IEDs have a communication port and built-in support for standard communication protocols (DNP3, IEC104 or IEC61850), so they can communicate directly with the SCADA system or a substation programmable logic controller. Alternatively, they can be connected to a substation RTU that acts as a gateway towards the SCADA server.
The IEEE 693: Recommended Practice for Seismic Design of Substations. [ 1 ] is a Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers standard. This standard is recognized also by American National Standards Institute , and is used mainly in the American Continent.
Reclosers are commonly used to divide up the grid into smaller sections that will automatically, and quickly, re-energize the branch as soon as the fault condition (a tree branch on lines for instance) clears. There is some concern that the reclosers may not re-energize in the case of an island or that an intervening loss of synchrony might ...
For example, the first distribution substation in the 13457 postcode should have the serial number 00001 and the second substation in the same postcode area (13457) should have serial number 00002, and so on. In this system, determining which equipment (substation in the above example) is first and which one is second is absolutely arbitrary.
Variable shunt reactors are used in high voltage energy transmission systems to stabilize the voltage during load variations. A traditional shunt reactor has a fixed rating and is either connected to the power line all the time or switched in and out depending on the load.