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Active Directory (AD) is a directory service developed by Microsoft for Windows domain networks. Windows Server operating systems include it as a set of processes and services . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Originally, only centralized domain management used Active Directory.
The software and operating system used to run a domain controller usually consists of several key components shared across platforms.This includes the operating system (usually Windows Server or Linux), an LDAP service (Red Hat Directory Server, etc.), a network time service (ntpd, chrony, etc.), and a computer network authentication protocol (usually Kerberos). [4]
In ADFS, identity federation [4] is established between two organizations by establishing trust between two security realms. A federation server on one side (the accounts side) authenticates the user through the standard means in Active Directory Domain Services and then issues a token containing a series of claims about the user, including their identity.
Authentication takes place on domain controllers. Each person who uses computers within a domain receives a unique user account that can then be assigned access to resources within the domain. Starting with Windows Server 2000, Active Directory is the Windows component in charge of maintaining that central database. [1]
Microsoft Entra ID (formerly known as Microsoft Azure Active Directory or Azure AD) is a cloud-based identity and access management (IAM) solution. It is a directory and identity management service that operates in the cloud and offers authentication and authorization services to various Microsoft services, such as Microsoft 365, Dynamics 365, Microsoft Azure and third-party services. [1]
On Microsoft Servers, a domain controller (DC) is a server computer [1] [2] that responds to security authentication requests (logging in, etc.) within a Windows domain. [3] [4] A domain is a concept introduced in Windows NT whereby a user may be granted access to a number of computer resources with the use of a single username and password combination.
Directory Services Restore Mode (DSRM) is a function on Active Directory Domain Controllers to take the server offline for emergency maintenance, particularly restoring backups of AD objects. It is accessed on Windows Server via the advanced startup menu, similarly to safe mode .
By default, the Active Directory Domain Service contains the following naming contexts: Schema NC: stores schema information that is replicated to domain controllers in all domains of the forest. Configuration NC: stores topology and other configuration data information that is replicated to domain controllers in all domains of the forest.