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  2. Checking whether a coin is fair - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checking_whether_a_coin_is...

    Next, let r be the actual probability of obtaining heads in a single toss of the coin. This is the property of the coin which is being investigated. Using Bayes' theorem, the posterior probability density of r conditional on h and t is expressed as follows:

  3. Likelihood function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likelihood_function

    Consider a simple statistical model of a coin flip: a single parameter that expresses the "fairness" of the coin. The parameter is the probability that a coin lands heads up ("H") when tossed. can take on any value within the range 0.0 to 1.0. For a perfectly fair coin, =. Imagine flipping a fair coin twice, and observing two heads in two ...

  4. Gambler's fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambler's_fallacy

    If a fair coin is flipped 21 times, the probability of 21 heads is 1 in 2,097,152. The probability of flipping a head after having already flipped 20 heads in a row is ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠. Assuming a fair coin: The probability of 20 heads, then 1 tail is 0.5 20 × 0.5 = 0.5 21; The probability of 20 heads, then 1 head is 0.5 20 × 0.5 = 0.5 21

  5. Fair coin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_coin

    In probability theory and statistics, a sequence of independent Bernoulli trials with probability 1/2 of success on each trial is metaphorically called a fair coin. One for which the probability is not 1/2 is called a biased or unfair coin. In theoretical studies, the assumption that a coin is fair is often made by referring to an ideal coin.

  6. Coin flipping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin_flipping

    Tossing a coin. Coin flipping, coin tossing, or heads or tails is the practice of throwing a coin in the air and checking which side is showing when it lands, in order to randomly choose between two alternatives. It is a form of sortition which inherently has two possible outcomes. The party who calls the side that is facing up when the coin ...

  7. Kelly criterion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_criterion

    Example of the optimal Kelly betting fraction, versus expected return of other fractional bets. In probability theory, the Kelly criterion (or Kelly strategy or Kelly bet) is a formula for sizing a sequence of bets by maximizing the long-term expected value of the logarithm of wealth, which is equivalent to maximizing the long-term expected geometric growth rate.

  8. Random assignment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_assignment

    Random assignment or random placement is an experimental technique for assigning human participants or animal subjects to different groups in an experiment (e.g., a treatment group versus a control group) using randomization, such as by a chance procedure (e.g., flipping a coin) or a random number generator. [1]

  9. Joint probability distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_probability_distribution

    Consider the flip of two fair coins; let and be discrete random variables associated with the outcomes of the first and second coin flips respectively. Each coin flip is a Bernoulli trial and has a Bernoulli distribution. If a coin displays "heads" then the associated random variable takes the value 1, and it takes the value 0 otherwise. The ...