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An endospore stain of the cell Bacillus subtilis showing endospores as green and the vegetative cell as red Phase-bright endospores of Paenibacillus alvei imaged with phase-contrast microscopy. An endospore is a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by some bacteria in the phylum Bacillota.
[1] [2] Once stained as part of a sample, these organisms can resist the acid and/or ethanol-based decolorization procedures common in many staining protocols, hence the name acid-fast. [ 2 ] The mechanisms of acid-fastness vary by species although the most well-known example is in the genus Mycobacterium , which includes the species ...
Endospores can last for decades in multiple hard conditions, such as drying and freezing. This is because the DNA inside the endospore can survive over a long period. Most bacteria are unable to form endospores due to their high resistance, but some common species are the genera Bacillus ( over 100 species) and Clostridium (over 160 species).
Mechanism of acid-fast staining in acid-fast cells and non-acid-fast cell [24] [25] [26] The mechanism of action of the Ziehl-Neelsen stain is not completely understood, but it is thought to involve a chemical reaction between the acidic dyes and the cell walls of the bacteria.
Separate non-decolorized acid fast bacteria that are not decolorized from colorized non-acid fast bacteria Acid fast bacteria:Red Non acid fast: Blue 5 Endospore (Dornor's method) Primary stain Malachite green heat fixed to penetrate spores; vegetative cells are counterstained with Safranin Detects the presence of endospores in six genera of ...
Dipicolinic acid (pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid or PDC and DPA) is a chemical compound which plays a role in the heat resistance of bacterial endospores. It is also used to prepare dipicolinato ligated lanthanide and transition metal complexes for ion chromatography .
B. anthracis endospores, in particular, are highly resilient, surviving extremes of temperature, low-nutrient environments, and harsh chemical treatment over decades or centuries. [ citation needed ] The endospore is a dehydrated cell with thick walls and additional layers that form inside the cell membrane.
Clostridium endospores have a distinct bowling pin or bottle shape, distinguishing them from other bacterial endospores, which are usually ovoid in shape. [ citation needed ] The Schaeffer–Fulton stain (0.5% malachite green in water) can be used to distinguish endospores of Bacillus and Clostridium from other microorganisms.