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The swelling develops gradually 12–72 hours after delivery, although it may be noted immediately after delivery in severe cases. Subgaleal hematoma growth is insidious, as it spreads across the whole calvaria and may not be recognized for hours to days. If enough blood accumulates, a visible fluid wave may be seen.
Antepartum bleeding (APH), also prepartum hemorrhage, is bleeding during pregnancy from the 24th week [7] (sometimes defined as from the 20th week [8] [7]) gestational age up to the birth of the baby. [5] The primary consideration is the presence of a placenta previa which is a low lying placenta at or very near to the internal cervical os.
Some other common factors that can cause cephalohematoma are when using forceps or vacuum-assisted delivery methods, vaginal delivery of large infants, primigravida (the first pregnancy conceived by a pregnant person), when the infant is in a non-ideal position during delivery, and having a prolonged second stage of labor.
Caput succedaneum is a benign neonatal condition involving a serosanguinous (containing blood and serum), subcutaneous, extra-periosteal fluid collection with poorly defined margins caused by the pressure on the presenting part of the fetal scalp by the vaginal walls and uterus as the infant passes through a narrowed cervix during delivery. [1]
Chorionic hematoma is the pooling of blood between the chorion, a membrane surrounding the embryo, and the uterine wall. [2] It occurs in about 3.1% of all pregnancies , [ 2 ] it is the most common sonographic abnormality and the most common cause of first trimester bleeding .
Birth-related retinal hemorrhages are seen in 25% of newborns with normal delivery and 40–50% of newborns with instrumental deliveries. [ 12 ] Submacular hemorrhage typically occurs in elderly patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration, macroaneurysms, or polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy , and in all populations in cases of trauma.
Neonatal sepsis of the newborn is an infection that has spread through the entire body. The inflammatory response to this systematic infection can be as serious as the infection itself. [26] In infants that weigh under 1500 g, sepsis is the most common cause of death. Three to four percent of infants per 1000 births contract sepsis.
Rapid descent and delivery of an infant does not always allow maternal tissues adequate time to stretch and accommodate the passage of the infant. There may be hemorrhaging (35x greater odds than in typical labor) originating from lacerations and/or hematomas of the cervix, vagina, perineum, or uterus.