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The Soviet famine of 1930–1933 was a famine in the major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union, including Ukraine and different parts of Russia, including Kazakhstan, [6] [7] [8] Northern Caucasus, Kuban Region, Volga Region, the South Urals, and West Siberia.
The Holodomor, [a] also known as the Ukrainian Famine, [8] [9] [b] was a mass famine in Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians.The Holodomor was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1930–1933 which affected the major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union.
The ARA's famine relief operations ran in parallel with much smaller Mennonite, Jewish and Quaker famine relief operations in Russia. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] The ARA's operations in Russia were shut down on June 15, 1923, after it was discovered that the Soviet Union clandestinely renewed the export of grain to Europe.
Russia has always maintained that the famine was a natural disaster. That argument was most famously endorsed by the New York Times correspondent Walter Duranty, an unabashed apologist for Stalin ...
The causes of the Holodomor, which was a famine in Soviet Ukraine during 1932 and 1933 that resulted in the death of around 3–5 million people, are the subject of scholarly and political debate, particularly surrounding the Holodomor genocide question.
Gareth Richard Vaughan Jones (13 August 1905 – 12 August 1935) was a Welsh journalist who in March 1933 first reported in the Western world, without equivocation and under his own name, the existence of the Soviet famine of 1930–1933, including the Holodomor and the Asharshylyk. [2] [a]
Soviet famine of 1932–1933, including famine in Ukraine, and famine in Kazakhstan, caused by Soviet collectivization policy, abnormal cold period, [130] and bad harvests in the years of 1931–1932. [131] Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR, and Kazakh ASSR: 5,000,000 [131] – 7,000,000 [132] 1939–1952
Kulak (/ ˈ k uː l æ k / KOO-lak; Russian: кула́к, romanized: kulák, IPA: ⓘ; plural: кулаки́, kulakí, 'fist' or 'tight-fisted'), also kurkul (Ukrainian: куркуль) or golchomag (Azerbaijani: qolçomaq, plural: qolçomaqlar), was the term which was used to describe peasants who owned over 3 ha (8 acres) of land towards the end of the Russian Empire.