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A perspective is, roughly, the broad opinions, and perhaps norms and practices, of a community of people, perhaps all having some special feature in common. So, a proposition is true (for a community C) if, and only if, there is a consensus amongst the members of C for believing it.
The fact–value distinction is a fundamental epistemological distinction described between: [1]. Statements of fact (positive or descriptive statements), which are based upon reason and observation, and examined via the empirical method.
Some view opinions held by all people to be valid criteria of truth. According to consensus gentium, the universal consent of all mankind (all humans holding a distinct belief), proves it is true. There is some value in the criterion if it means innate truth, such as the laws of logic and mathematics. If it merely means agreement, as in a ...
Justification (also called epistemic justification) is a property of beliefs that fulfill certain norms about what a person should believe. [1] [2] Epistemologists often identify justification as a component of knowledge distinguishing it from mere true opinion. [3]
With the help of this modification, it is possible to distinguish valid from invalid deductive reasoning: it is invalid if the author's belief about the deductive support is false, but even invalid deductive reasoning is a form of deductive reasoning. Deductive logic studies under what conditions an argument is valid.
The most reliably moderate among us have often been the most politically delusional during the Donald Trump era. That’s bad for the health and future of our democracy.
Broadly speaking, the primary motivation for research of three valued logic is to represent the truth value of a statement that cannot be represented as true or false. [8] Łukasiewicz initially developed three valued logic for the problem of future contingents to represent the truth value of statements about the undetermined future.
FEMA's response and recovery efforts are being undermined by misinformation and conspiracy theories, causing some disaster survivors to avoid seeking assistance and putting the safety of FEMA ...