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Germanium cluster anions (Zintl ions) such as Ge 4 2−, Ge 9 4−, Ge 9 2−, [(Ge 9) 2] 6− have been prepared by the extraction from alloys containing alkali metals and germanium in liquid ammonia in the presence of ethylenediamine or a cryptand. [42] [44] The oxidation states of the element in these ions are not integers—similar to the ...
The ions with the largest number of unpaired electrons are Gd 3+ and Cm 3+ with seven unpaired electrons. An unpaired electron has a magnetic dipole moment, while an electron pair has no dipole moment because the two electrons have opposite spins so their magnetic dipole fields are in opposite directions and cancel. Thus an atom with unpaired ...
For first-row transition metals the magnitude of μ eff is, to a first approximation, a simple function of the number of unpaired electrons, the spin-only formula. In general, spin–orbit coupling causes μ eff to deviate from the spin-only formula. For the heavier transition metals, lanthanides and actinides, spin–orbit coupling cannot be ...
Electrons per shell: 2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2 ... it has symbol Gd and atomic number 64. It is a silvery-white metal when oxidation is removed. ... (Si 1−x Ge x) 4.
When orbital angular momentum contributions to the magnetic moment are small, as occurs for most organic radicals or for octahedral transition metal complexes with d 3 or high-spin d 5 configurations, the effective magnetic moment takes the form ( with g-factor g e = 2.0023... ≈ 2), (+) = (+), where N u is the number of unpaired electrons. In ...
The overall S is then 1 ⁄ 2 times the number of unpaired electrons. The overall L is calculated by adding the m ℓ {\displaystyle m_{\ell }} values for each electron (so if there are two electrons in the same orbital, add twice that orbital's m ℓ {\displaystyle m_{\ell }} ).
The multiplicity is also equal to the number of unpaired electrons plus one. [4] Therefore, the term with lowest energy is also the term with maximum and maximum number of unpaired electrons with equal spin angular momentum (either +1/2 or -1/2).
Here [Ne] refers to the core electrons which are the same as for the element neon (Ne), the last noble gas before phosphorus in the periodic table. The valence electrons (here 3s 2 3p 3) are written explicitly for all atoms. Electron configurations of elements beyond hassium (element 108) have never been measured; predictions are used below.