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chroot is an operation on Unix and Unix-like operating systems that changes the apparent root directory for the current running process and its children.A program that is run in such a modified environment cannot name (and therefore normally cannot access) files outside the designated directory tree.
A directory is a logical section of a file system used to hold files. Directories may also contain other directories. The cd command can be used to change into a subdirectory, move back into the parent directory, move all the way back to the root directory or move to any given directory.
As a security and auditing feature, sudo may be configured to log each command run. When a user attempts to invoke sudo without being listed in the configuration file, an exception indication is presented to the user indicating that the attempt has been recorded. If configured, the root user will be alerted via mail. By default, an entry is ...
Typical Ubuntu filesystem hierarchy In the FHS, all files and directories appear under the root directory / , even if they are stored on different physical or virtual devices. Some of these directories only exist in a particular system if certain subsystems, such as the X Window System , are installed.
The file owner is 'root' and the SUID permission is set (the '4') - so the file is executed as 'root'. The reason an executable would be run as 'root' is so that it can modify specific files that the user would not normally be allowed to, without giving the user full root access. A default use of this can be seen with the /usr/bin/passwd binary ...
chattr — Change file attributes on a Linux file system. chgrp — Change group of one or more files. chmod — Change mode of listed files. chown — Change owner of one or more files. chpasswd; chpst; chroot — Run command within a new root directory. chrt; chvt; cksum — For each file, output crc32 checksum value, length and name of file.
Single-user mode, booted to system console only, with only root filesystem mounted (as read-only) s: Single-user mode, identical to S except the current terminal acts as the system console 1: Single-user mode with local filesystems mounted (read-write) 2: Multi-user mode with most daemons started and Common Desktop Environment launched 3
The restricted shell is a Unix shell that restricts some of the capabilities available to an interactive user session, or to a shell script, running within it.It is intended to provide an additional layer of security, but is insufficient to allow execution of entirely untrusted software.