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  2. Boiling point - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point

    The boiling point cannot be reduced below the triple point. Suppose the heat of vaporization and the vapor pressure of a liquid at a certain temperature are known. In that case, the boiling point can be calculated by using the Clausius–Clapeyron equation, thus: where: is the boiling point at the pressure of interest, is the ideal gas constant ...

  3. Reduced properties - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_properties

    In thermodynamics, the reduced properties of a fluid are a set of state variables scaled by the fluid's state properties at its critical point. These dimensionless thermodynamic coordinates, taken together with a substance's compressibility factor , provide the basis for the simplest form of the theorem of corresponding states .

  4. Compressibility factor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressibility_factor

    Once two of the three reduced properties are found, the compressibility chart can be used. In a compressibility chart, reduced pressure is on the x-axis and Z is on the y-axis. When given the reduced pressure and temperature, find the given pressure on the x-axis. From there, move up on the chart until the given reduced temperature is found.

  5. Lee–Kesler method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee–Kesler_method

    The correct result would be P = 101.325 kPa, the normal (atmospheric) pressure. The deviation is −1.63 kPa or −1.61 %. It is important to use the same absolute units for T and T c as well as for P and P c. The unit system used (K or R for T) is irrelevant because of the usage of the reduced values T r and P r.

  6. Vacuum distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_distillation

    This technique is used when the boiling point of the desired compound is difficult to achieve or will cause the compound to decompose. [1] Reduced pressures decrease the boiling point of compounds. The reduction in boiling point can be calculated using a temperature-pressure nomograph using the Clausius–Clapeyron relation. [2]

  7. List of boiling and freezing information of solvents - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_boiling_and...

    Boiling point (°C) K b (°C⋅kg/mol) Freezing point (°C) K f (°C⋅kg/mol) Data source; Aniline: 184.3 3.69 –5.96 –5.87 K b & K f [1] Lauric acid:

  8. Boiling-point elevation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling-point_elevation

    The boiling point elevation happens both when the solute is an electrolyte, such as various salts, and a nonelectrolyte. In thermodynamic terms, the origin of the boiling point elevation is entropic and can be explained in terms of the vapor pressure or chemical potential of the solvent. In both cases, the explanation depends on the fact that ...

  9. Acentric factor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acentric_factor

    The acentric factor ω is a conceptual number introduced by Kenneth Pitzer in 1955, proven to be useful in the description of fluids. [1] It has become a standard for the phase characterization of single and pure components, along with other state description parameters such as molecular weight, critical temperature, critical pressure, and critical volume (or critical compressibility).