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This latter force is not actually applied to the particle, but to the ions in the diffuse layer located at some distance from the particle surface, and part of it is transferred all the way to the particle surface through viscous stress. This part of the force is also called electrophoretic retardation force, or ERF in short.
An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) or mobility shift electrophoresis, also referred as a gel shift assay, gel mobility shift assay, band shift assay, or gel retardation assay, is a common affinity electrophoresis technique used to study protein–DNA or protein–RNA interactions. This procedure can determine if a protein or mixture ...
For example, the mobility of the sodium ion (Na +) in water at 25 °C is 5.19 × 10 −8 m 2 /(V·s). [1] This means that a sodium ion in an electric field of 1 V/m would have an average drift velocity of 5.19 × 10 −8 m/s. Such values can be obtained from measurements of ionic conductivity in solution.
The rate at which the various forms move however can change using different electrophoresis conditions, for example linear DNA may run faster or slower than supercoiled DNA depending on conditions, [6] and the mobility of larger circular DNA may be more strongly affected than linear DNA by the pore size of the gel. [4]
As the relative polarizabilities of the particle and medium are frequency-dependent, varying the energizing signal and measuring the way in which the force changes can be used to determine the electrical properties of particles; this also allows the elimination of electrophoretic motion of particles due to inherent particle charge.
Free-flow electrophoresis (FFE), also known as carrier-free electrophoresis, is a matrix-free, high-voltage electrophoretic separation technique. FFE is an analogous technique to capillary electrophoresis, with a comparable resolution, that can be used for scientific questions, where semi-preparative and preparative amounts of samples are needed.
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By steady state electrophoretic migration of charged colloids the electrophoretic force and the hydrodynamic resistance force are in equilibrium, described by: F W + F E = 0 Those effects influence the electrofiltration of biopolymers , which could be also charged, not only by the hydrodynamic resistance force but also by the electric field force.