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In physics, atomic spectroscopy is the study of the electromagnetic radiation absorbed and emitted by atoms.Since unique elements have unique emission spectra, atomic spectroscopy is applied for determination of elemental compositions.
The spectrum appears in a series of lines called the line spectrum. This line spectrum is called an atomic spectrum when it originates from an atom in elemental form. Each element has a different atomic spectrum. The production of line spectra by the atoms of an element indicate that an atom can radiate only a certain amount of energy.
For example, "He I" denotes lines of neutral helium, and "C IV" denotes lines arising from the third ionization state, C 3+, of carbon. This notation is used for example to retrieve data from the NIST Atomic Spectrum Database .
Spectroscopy, primarily in the electromagnetic spectrum, is a fundamental exploratory tool in the fields of astronomy, chemistry, materials science, and physics, allowing the composition, physical structure and electronic structure of matter to be investigated at the atomic, molecular and macro scale, and over astronomical distances.
Neutral atoms are denoted with the Roman numeral I, singly ionized atoms with II, and so on, so that, for example: Cu II — copper ion with +1 charge, Cu 1+ Fe III — iron ion with +2 charge, Fe 2+ More detailed designations usually include the line wavelength and may include a multiplet number (for atomic lines) or band designation (for ...
Microwave spectroscopy, for example, allows for the determination of bond lengths and angles with high precision. In addition, spectral measurements can be used to determine the accuracy of theoretical predictions. For example, the Lamb shift measured in the hydrogen atomic absorption spectrum was not expected to exist at the time it was measured.
The sharp series limit is the same as the diffuse series limit. In the late 1800s these two were termed supplementary series. In 1896 Arthur Schuster stated his law: "If we subtract the frequency of the fundamental vibration from the convergence frequency of the principal series, we obtain the convergence frequency of the supplementary series". [5]
The infrared spectrum of hydrogen chloride gas shows rotational fine structure superimposed on the vibrational spectrum. This is typical of the infrared spectra of heteronuclear diatomic molecules. It shows the so-called P and R branches. The Q branch, located at the vibration frequency, is absent. Symmetric top molecules display the Q branch ...