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Early examples of VST included safety glass, four-wheel hydraulic brakes, seat belts, and padded dashboards. In 1934, General Motors began a scientific approach to vehicle safety by conducting the first crash barrier test. Gradually, existing systems were stabilized, followed by the introduction of disc brakes and anti-lock braking systems.
The vehicle obtains information, such as facial patterns, steering movement, driving habits, turn signal use, and driving velocity, to determine if the driver's activities correspond with drowsy driving. [17] If drowsy driving is suspected, the vehicle will typically sound off a loud alert and may vibrate the driver's seat. [17]
Autonomous: the system acts independently of the driver to avoid or mitigate the accident. Emergency: the system will intervene only in a critical situation. Braking: the system tries to avoid the accident by applying the brakes. Time-to-collision could be a way to choose which avoidance method (braking or steering) is most appropriate. [6]
If no action is taken, the vehicle will apply the brakes (a warning alarm will sound followed by a brief automatic application of the braking system). This system is said to be the first of its kind. [2] In 2008, the Toyota Crown system went further and can detect if the driver is becoming sleepy by monitoring the eyelids. [4] [5]
This technology is actually a merging of several Level 1 self-driving car technologies, such as Adaptive Cruise Control, Side Assist, Lane Assist, and Park Assist that are utilize to effectively achieve a Level 3 operation, the single environment in which the vehicle operates automatically being when it infers that there is an emergency. [2]
Toyota's system, branded "Toyota Safety Sense" or "Lexus Safety System", is a radar-based system that uses a forward-facing millimeter-wave radar. When the system determines that a frontal collision is unavoidable, it preemptively tightens the seat belts , removing any slack, and pre-charges the brakes using brake assist to give the driver ...
The terms "active" and "passive" are simple but important terms in the world of automotive safety. "Active safety" is used to refer to technology assisting in the prevention of a crash and "passive safety" to components of the vehicle (primarily airbags, seatbelts and the physical structure of the vehicle) that help to protect occupants during a crash.
Adaptive cruise control does not provide full autonomy: the system only provides some help to the driver, but does not drive the car by itself. [3] For example, the driver is able to set the cruise control to 55mph, if the car while traveling that speed catches up to another vehicle going only 45mph, the ACC will cause the car to automatically brake and maintain a safe distance behind the ...