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The BBP formula gives rise to a spigot algorithm for computing the nth base-16 (hexadecimal) digit of π (and therefore also the 4nth binary digit of π) without computing the preceding digits. This does not compute the n th decimal digit of π (i.e., in base 10). [ 3 ]
One important application is verifying computations of all digits of pi performed by other means. Rather than having to compute all of the digits twice by two separate algorithms to ensure that a computation is correct, the final digits of a very long all-digits computation can be verified by the much faster Bellard's formula. [3] Formula:
Simon Plouffe (born June 11, 1956) is a French Canadian mathematician who discovered the Bailey–Borwein–Plouffe formula (BBP algorithm) which permits the computation of the nth binary digit of π, in 1995. [1] [2] [3] His other 2022 formula allows extracting the nth digit of π in decimal. [4] He was born in Saint-Jovite, Quebec.
Finds a formula that allows the nth hexadecimal digit of pi to be calculated without calculating the preceding digits. 28 August 1995 Yasumasa Kanada and Daisuke Takahashi: HITAC S-3800/480 (dual CPU) [36] [37] 56.74 hours? 4,294,960,000: 11 October 1995 Yasumasa Kanada and Daisuke Takahashi: HITAC S-3800/480 (dual CPU) [38] [37] 116.63 hours ...
A variant of the spigot approach uses an algorithm which can be used to compute a single arbitrary digit of the transcendental without computing the preceding digits: an example is the Bailey–Borwein–Plouffe formula, a digit extraction algorithm for π which produces base 16 digits. The inevitable truncation of the underlying infinite ...
The unit of time is defined such that one step of the pseudo code corresponds to one unit. To execute the loop, in its entirety, requires four units of time. is defined to be four. Note, however, that if is equal to one, then step one can be skipped. The loop only takes three units of time.
In other words, the n th digit of this number is 1 only if n is one of 1! = 1, 2! = 2, 3! = 6, 4! = 24, etc. Liouville showed that this number belongs to a class of transcendental numbers that can be more closely approximated by rational numbers than can any irrational algebraic number, and this class of numbers is called the Liouville numbers ...
Name First elements Short description OEIS Kolakoski sequence: 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, ... The n th term describes the length of the n th run : A000002: Euler's ...