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Calciphylaxis, also known as calcific uremic arteriolopathy (CUA) or “Grey Scale”, is a rare syndrome characterized by painful skin lesions.The pathogenesis of calciphylaxis is unclear but believed to involve calcification of the small blood vessels located within the fatty tissue and deeper layers of the skin, blood clots, and eventual death of skin cells due to lack of blood flow. [1]
There is a small amount of evidence supporting the use of sodium thiosulfate to counteract calciphylaxis, the calcification of blood vessels that may occur in hemodialysis patients with end-stage kidney disease. [15] [16] However, it has been claimed that this treatment may cause severe metabolic acidosis in some patients. [17] [18]
Cutaneous vasculitis, pyoderma gangrenosum, [1] calciphylaxis [2] Martorell's ulcer , also known as hypertensive leg ulcer or necrotic angiodermatitis , [ 1 ] is a painful ulceration of the lower leg associated with diastolic [ citation needed ] arterial hypertension .
Other symptoms may include bone pain, weakness, depression, confusion, and increased urination. [1] [2] Both primary and secondary may result in osteoporosis (weakening of the bones). [2] [3] In 80% of cases, primary hyperparathyroidism is due to a single benign tumor known as a parathyroid adenoma.
These treatments are more likely only transient therapies before parathyroidectomy is performed. Indications for surgery in tertiary hyperparathyroidism commonly involve the development of chronic, severe conditions including osteopenia, persistent severe hypercalcemia, bone pain and pathologic fracture.
Livedoid vasculopathy (LV) is an uncommon thrombotic dermal vasculopathy that is characterized by excruciating, recurrent ulcers on the lower limbs. [4] Livedo racemosa, along with painful ulceration in the distal regions of the lower extremities, is the characteristic clinical appearance.
The exact pathophysiology of Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis remains uncertain. However, it is thought that the condition arises from the fatty degeneration of smooth muscle cells within the arterial media, leading to the formation of a mass that undergoes hyaline degeneration and eventually calcification.
Venous ulcer is defined by the American Venous Forum as "a full-thickness defect of skin, most frequently in the ankle region, that fails to heal spontaneously and is sustained by chronic venous disease, based on venous duplex ultrasound testing."
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