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The endogenous ligand of these receptors is anandamide, the effects of which THC emulates. This agonism of the cannabinoid receptors results in changes in the levels of various neurotransmitters, especially dopamine and norepinephrine, which are closely associated with the acute effects of cannabis ingestion, such as euphoria and anxiety.
The CB 2 receptor is expressed mainly in the immune system, in hematopoietic cells, [8] and in parts of the brain. [9] The protein sequences of CB 1 and CB 2 receptors are about 44% similar. [10] [11] When only the transmembrane regions of the receptors are considered, amino acid similarity between the two receptor subtypes is approximately 68% ...
Both the CB1 and CB2 receptors (the binding site of anandamide) are under research for a possible role in positive and negative interpretation of environment and setting. [13] The binding relationship of anandamide and the CB1/CB2 may affect neurotransmission of dopamine, serotonin, GABA, and glutamate. [14]
A growing body of research and numerous anecdotal reports link cannabis with several health benefits.
A subclass of ionotropic GABA receptors, insensitive to typical allosteric modulators of GABA A receptor channels such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates, [27] [28] [29] was designated GABA ะก receptor. [30] [31] Native responses of the GABA C receptor type occur in retinal bipolar or horizontal cells across vertebrate species. [32] [33] [34] [35]
Endogenous cannabinoids are believed to exhibit an analgesic effect on these receptors by limiting both GABA and glutamate of PAG cells that relate to nociceptive input processing, a hypothesis consistent with the finding that anandamide release in the PAG is increased in response to pain-triggering stimuli. [20]
The discovery of the first cannabinoid receptors in the 1980s helped to resolve this debate. [10] These receptors are common in animals. Two known cannabinoid receptors are termed CB 1 and CB 2, [11] with mounting evidence of more. [12] The human brain has more cannabinoid receptors than any other G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) type. [13]
The ionotropic GABA A receptor protein complex is also the molecular target of the benzodiazepine class of tranquilizer drugs. Benzodiazepines do not bind to the same receptor site on the protein complex as does the endogenous ligand GABA (whose binding site is located between α- and β-subunits), but bind to distinct benzodiazepine binding sites situated at the interface between the α- and ...