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[33] All veins which are between the skin and the superficial fascia are tributaries, and all veins which cross the deep fascia to join the deep venous system are perforator veins. [34] Three anatomic compartments can be described, as networks: N1 contains the deep veins, also known as the deep compartment.
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a medical condition characterized by blood pooling in the veins, leading to increased pressure and strain on the vein walls. [1] The most common cause of CVI is superficial venous reflux, which often results in the formation of varicose veins, a treatable condition. [2]
DVT usually occurs in the veins of the legs, although it can also occur in the veins of the arms. Immobility, active cancer, obesity, traumatic damage and congenital disorders that make clots more likely are all risk factors for deep vein thrombosis. It can cause the affected limb to swell, and cause pain and an overlying skin rash.
Diagram showing named veins. Perforator veins exist along the length of the lower limb, in greater number in the leg (anatomical ref to below knee) than in the thigh. Some veins are named after the physician who first described them: Dodd's perforator at the inferior 1/3 of the thigh; Boyd's perforator at the knee level
Veins have a much higher compliance than arteries (largely due to their thinner walls.) Veins which are abnormally compliant can be associated with edema. Pressure stockings are sometimes used to externally reduce compliance, and thus keep blood from pooling in the legs.
Varicose veins are veins that have become enlarged and twisted, especially within the legs, ankles and feet of an affected individual. [4] When standing, gravity pulls the blood downwards to the lower part of the body. Body mechanisms, such as vasoconstriction and valves of the veins, assist in pumping blood upwards. [5]
Valves in the perforating veins close when a calf muscle contracts, to prevent backflow from the deep veins to the superficial. [25] There are more valves in the lower leg, due to increased gravitational pull, with the number decreasing as the veins travel to the hip. There are no valves in the veins of the thorax or abdomen. [4]
The tributaries of the popliteal vein include: Veins that correspond to branches given off by the popliteal artery (see popliteal artery).; the small saphenous vein, which perforates the deep fascia and passes between the two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle to end in the popliteal vein.