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[3] The substantial similarity standard is used for all kinds of copyrighted subject matter: books, photographs, plays, music, software, etc. It may also cross media, as in Rogers v. Koons, where a sculptor was found to have infringed on a photograph. [1] [page needed] Substantial similarity is a question of fact that is decided by a jury.
The Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test (AFC) is a method of identifying substantial similarity for the purposes of applying copyright law. In particular, the AFC test is used to determine whether non-literal elements of a computer program have been copied by comparing the protectable elements of two programs.
A similarity (also called a similarity transformation or similitude) of a Euclidean space is a bijection f from the space onto itself that multiplies all distances by the same positive real number r, so that for any two points x and y we have ((), ()) = (,), where d(x,y) is the Euclidean distance from x to y. [16]
The following standardized tests are designed and/or administered by state education agencies and/or local school districts in order to measure academic achievement across multiple grade levels in elementary, middle and senior high school, as well as for high school graduation examinations to measure proficiency for high school graduation.
The CMA includes assessments for ELA, mathematics, and science. [3] Eligible students may take either the CST or the CMA in a subject area; for example, a student in grade five may take the CST for ELA and take the CMA for mathematics and science. [3] The CMA was first administered in the spring of 2008 to students in grades three through five. [3]
The test of General Educational Development (GED) and Test Assessing Secondary Completion TASC evaluate whether a person who has not received a high school diploma has academic skills at the level of a high school graduate. Private tests are tests created by private institutions for various purposes, such as progress monitoring in K-12 ...
Similarity measures play a crucial role in many clustering techniques, as they are used to determine how closely related two data points are and whether they should be grouped together in the same cluster. A similarity measure can take many different forms depending on the type of data being clustered and the specific problem being solved.
Beyond grade 8, there are End of Course Tests for students in grades 9 to 12. The EOG is given to test skills in mathematics, English, and science. Students in grades 3 to 8 must take the mathematics and English End of Grade Tests. Students in grades 5 and 8 must take all three. Achievement levels are measured through levels of proficiency, and ...