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A common size for cells inside cordless tool battery packs. This size is also used in radio-controlled scale vehicle battery packs and some Soviet multimeters. 1 ⁄ 2-, 4 ⁄ 5 - and 5 ⁄ 4-sub-C sizes (differing in length) are also available. Soviet 332 type can be replaced with R10 (#4, 927, BF, U8) or 1.5 V elements from 3 V 2xLR10 packs ...
Low-cost converter modules: two buck and one boost. Boost converter from a TI calculator, generating 9 V from 2.4 V provided by two AA rechargeable cells. A boost converter or step-up converter is a DC-to-DC converter that increases voltage, while decreasing current, from its input to its output .
In such cases, voltage converters need only be specified to convert any voltage within one range, to a voltage within the other, rather than separate converters being needed for all possible pairs of nominal voltages (110–220, 117–220, 110–230, etc.)
6-volt (left) and 4.5-volt (right) lantern batteries. A lantern battery is a rectangular battery, typically an alkaline or zinc–carbon primary battery, used primarily in flashlights or lanterns. Lantern batteries are physically larger and consequently offer higher capacity than the more common flashlight batteries.
Motor–generators can convert between any combination of DC and AC voltage and phase standards. Large motor–generator sets were widely used to convert industrial amounts of power while smaller units were used to convert battery power (6, 12 or 24 V DC) to a high DC voltage, which was required to operate vacuum tube (thermionic valve) equipment.
Transformer winding primary (usually high-voltage) connecting wires are of many types. They may be labeled as H 1, H 2 (sometimes H 0 if it is internally designed to be grounded) and X 1, X2 and sometimes an X 3 tap may be present.
Dickson multipliers have increasingly poor power conversion efficiency as the input voltage drops because the voltage drop across the diode-wired transistors becomes much more significant compared to the output voltage. Since the transistors in the cross-coupled circuit are not diode-wired the volt-drop problem is not so serious. [14]
Figure 2.Greinacher circuit. The Greinacher voltage doubler is a significant improvement over the Villard circuit for a small cost in additional components. The ripple is much reduced, nominally zero under open-circuit load conditions, but when current is being drawn depends on the resistance of the load and the value of the capacitors used.