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The human nose is the first organ of the respiratory system. It is also the principal organ in the olfactory system. The shape of the nose is determined by the nasal bones and the nasal cartilages, including the nasal septum, which separates the nostrils and divides the nasal cavity into two. The nose has an important function in breathing.
Many problems can affect the nose, including: Deviated septum - a shifting of the wall that divides the nasal cavity into halves; Nasal polyps - soft growths that develop on the lining of the nose or sinuses; Nosebleeds; Rhinitis - inflammation of the nose and sinuses sometimes caused by allergies. The main symptom is a runny nose.
The normal (monocular) human visual field extends to approximately 60 degrees nasally (toward the nose, or inward) from the vertical meridian in each eye, to 107 degrees temporally (away from the nose, or outwards) from the vertical meridian, and approximately 70 degrees above and 80 below the horizontal meridian. [7] [1] [8] [9]
One study in the United States estimated the average human head circumference to be 57 centimetres (22 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) in males and 55 centimetres (21 + 3 ⁄ 4 in) in females. [ 7 ] [ dubious – discuss ] A British study by Newcastle University showed an average size of 57.2 cm for males and 55.2 cm for females with average size varying ...
The floor is formed by the alveolar process, and, if the sinus is of an average size, is on a level with the floor of the nose; if the sinus is large it reaches below this level. [ citation needed ] Projecting into the floor of the antrum are several conical processes, corresponding to the roots of the first and second maxillary molar teeth ...
An average person is generally 7-and-a-half heads tall (including the head). An ideal figure, used when aiming for an impression of nobility or grace, is drawn at 8 heads tall. A heroic figure, used in the depiction of gods and superheroes, is eight-and-a-half heads tall. Most of the additional length comes from a bigger chest and longer legs.
Frontal sinus. Each frontal sinus is situated between the external and internal plates of the frontal bone. [1] [2] Their average measurements are as follows: height 28 mm, breadth 24 mm, depth 20 mm, creating a space of 6-7 ml. [3]
Swedish professor of anatomy Anders Retzius (1796–1860) first used the cephalic index in physical anthropology to classify ancient human remains found in Europe. He classified brains into three main categories, "dolichocephalic" (from the Ancient Greek kephalê, head, and dolikhos, long and thin), "brachycephalic" (short and broad) and "mesocephalic" (intermediate length and width).