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Country foreign exchange reserves minus external debt. In international economics, the balance of payments (also known as balance of international payments and abbreviated BOP or BoP) of a country is the difference between all money flowing into the country in a particular period of time (e.g., a quarter or a year) and the outflow of money to the rest of the world.
With India's foreign exchange reserves at $1.2 billion in January 1991 [21] [22] [23] and depleted by half by June, [23] barely enough to last for roughly 3 weeks of essential imports, [22] [24] India was only weeks away from defaulting on its external balance of payment obligations.
This is a list of countries by external debt: it is the total public and private debt owed to nonresidents repayable in internationally accepted currencies, goods or services, where the public debt is the money or credit owed by any level of government, from central to local, and the private debt the money or credit owed by private households or private corporations based on the country under ...
India, however, continues to have a trade deficit, relying on foreign capital to maintain its balance of payments and as such, makes it vulnerable to external shocks. [ 49 ] Foreign investment in India in form of foreign direct investment , portfolio investment , and investment raised on international capital markets increased significantly ...
The external debt of India is the debt the country owes to foreign creditors. The debtors can be the Union government, state governments, corporations or citizens of India.. The debt includes money owed to private commercial banks, foreign governments, or international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Ba
India, officially the Republic of India, [j] [20] is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area ; the most populous country from June 2023 onwards; [ 21 ] [ 22 ] and since its independence in 1947, the world's most populous democracy.
World map by current account balance (% of GDP), 2023, according to World Bank [1]. This is the list of countries by current account balance, expressed in current U.S. dollars and as percentage of GDP, based on the data published by World Bank, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
External debt measures an economy's obligations to make future payments and, therefore, is an indicator of a country's vulnerability to solvency and liquidity problems. [1]: xi–xii Another useful indicator is the net external debt position, which equals gross external debt minus external assets in the form of debt instruments.