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Renormalization. Renormalization is a collection of techniques in quantum field theory, statistical field theory, and the theory of self-similar geometric structures, that are used to treat infinities arising in calculated quantities by altering values of these quantities to compensate for effects of their self-interactions.
e. In theoretical physics, the term renormalization group (RG) refers to a formal apparatus that allows systematic investigation of the changes of a physical system as viewed at different scales. In particle physics, it reflects the changes in the underlying force laws (codified in a quantum field theory) as the energy scale at which physical ...
The value of the vacuum energy (or more precisely, the renormalization scale used to calculate this energy) may also be treated as an additional free parameter. The renormalization scale may be identified with the Planck scale or fine-tuned to match the observed cosmological constant. However, both options are problematic. [11]
In physics, the Callan–Symanzik equation is a differential equation describing the evolution of the n -point correlation functions under variation of the energy scale at which the theory is defined and involves the beta function of the theory and the anomalous dimensions. As an example, for a quantum field theory with one massless scalar ...
Murray Gell-Mann. Murray Gell-Mann (/ ˈmʌri ˈɡɛl ˈmæn /; September 15, 1929 – May 24, 2019) [3][4][5][6] was an American theoretical physicist who played a preeminent role in the development of the theory of elementary particles. Gell-Mann introduced the concept of quarks as the fundamental building blocks of the strongly interacting ...
Critical phenomena. In physics, critical phenomena is the collective name associated with the physics of critical points. Most of them stem from the divergence of the correlation length, but also the dynamics slows down. Critical phenomena include scaling relations among different quantities, power-law divergences of some quantities (such as ...
In theoretical physics, specifically quantum field theory, a beta function, β (g), encodes the dependence of a coupling parameter, g, on the energy scale, μ, of a given physical process described by quantum field theory. It is defined as. and, because of the underlying renormalization group, it has no explicit dependence on μ, so it only ...
Regularization (physics) In physics, especially quantum field theory, regularization is a method of modifying observables which have singularities in order to make them finite by the introduction of a suitable parameter called the regulator. The regulator, also known as a "cutoff", models our lack of knowledge about physics at unobserved scales ...