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Fused protoplast (left) with chloroplasts (from a leaf cell) and coloured vacuole (from a petal) Somatic fusion, also called protoplast fusion, is a type of genetic modification in plants by which two distinct species of plants are fused together to form a new hybrid plant with the characteristics of both, a somatic hybrid. [1]
Hybrids may also be produced by a technique called protoplast fusion. In this case protoplasts are fused, usually in an electric field. Viable recombinants can be regenerated in culture. Chemical mutagens like ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and dimethyl sulfate (DMS), radiation, and transposons are used for mutagenesis. Mutagenesis is the ...
The classical plant breeder may also make use of a number of in vitro techniques such as protoplast fusion, embryo rescue or mutagenesis (see below) to generate diversity and produce hybrid plants that would not exist in nature. Traits that breeders have tried to incorporate into crop plants in the last 100 years include:
Micropropagation can be used to produce disease-free plants. It can have an extraordinarily high fecundity rate, producing thousands of propagules while conventional techniques might only produce a fraction of this number. It is the only viable method of regenerating genetically modified cells or cells after protoplast fusion.
This is also the most common pathway of artificially induced polyploidy, where methods such as protoplast fusion or treatment with colchicine, oryzalin or mitotic inhibitors are used to disrupt normal mitotic division, which results in the production of polyploid cells. This process can be useful in plant breeding, especially when attempting to ...
Protoplast (from Ancient Greek πρωτόπλαστος (prōtóplastos) ' first-formed '), is a biological term coined by Hanstein in 1880 to refer to the entire cell, excluding the cell wall. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Protoplasts can be generated by stripping the cell wall from plant , [ 3 ] bacterial , [ 4 ] [ 5 ] or fungal cells [ 5 ] [ 6 ] by mechanical ...
Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues, or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition. It is widely used to produce clones of a plant in a method known as micropropagation .
The progeny of the infected plants is virus-free and also free of the inserted gene. Some vector-less methods include: Gene gun: Also referred to as particle bombardment, microprojectile bombardment, or biolistics. Particles of gold or tungsten are coated with DNA and then shot into young plant cells or plant embryos.