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Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a metabolite of ethanol which is formed in the body by glucuronidation following exposure to ethanol, usually from drinking alcoholic beverages.It is used as a biomarker to test for ethanol use and to monitor alcohol abstinence in situations where drinking is prohibited, such as by the military, in alcohol treatment programs, in professional monitoring programs ...
Ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate are excreted in urine as metabolites of ethanol and are used to monitor alcohol use. [8] Glucuronic acid and gluconic acid are fermentation products in Kombucha tea. [9] Glucuronic acid is a precursor of ascorbic acid (vitamin C, formerly called L-hexuronic acid). Ascorbate can be biosynthesized by higher ...
One example is the N-glucuronidation of an aromatic amine, 4-aminobiphenyl, by UGT1A4 or UGT1A9 from human, rat, or mouse liver. [ 2 ] The substances resulting from glucuronidation are known as glucuronides (or glucuronosides) and are typically much more water - soluble than the non-glucuronic acid-containing substances from which they were ...
A glucuronide, also known as glucuronoside, is any substance produced by linking glucuronic acid to another substance via a glycosidic bond. [1] The glucuronides belong to the glycosides . Glucuronidation , the conversion of chemical compounds to glucuronides, is a method that animals use to assist in the excretion of toxic substances, drugs or ...
The reaction from ethanol to carbon dioxide and water proceeds in at least 11 steps in humans. C 2 H 6 O (ethanol) is converted to C 2 H 4 O (acetaldehyde), then to C 2 H 4 O 2 (acetic acid), then to acetyl-CoA. Once acetyl-CoA is formed, it is free to enter directly into the citric acid cycle (TCA) and is converted to 2 CO 2 molecules in 8 ...
Ethyl sulfate can be produced in a laboratory setting by reacting ethanol with sulfuric acid under a gentle boil, while keeping the reaction below 140 °C. The sulfuric acid must be added dropwise or the reaction must be actively cooled because the reaction itself is highly exothermic. CH 3 CH 2 OH + H 2 SO 4 → CH 3 CH 2 OSO 3 H + H 2 O
Famously, UGT enzymes are not present in the genus Felis, [4] and this accounts for a number of unusual toxicities in the cat family. The glucuronidation reaction consists of the transfer of the glucuronosyl group from uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronic acid (UDPGA) to substrate molecules that contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or carboxyl ...
In organic chemistry, the ene reaction (also known as the Alder-ene reaction by its discoverer Kurt Alder in 1943) is a chemical reaction between an alkene with an allylic hydrogen (the ene) and a compound containing a multiple bond (the enophile), in order to form a new σ-bond with migration of the ene double bond and 1,5 hydrogen shift.