Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
For the special antiderivatives involving trigonometric functions, see Trigonometric integral. [1] Generally, if the function is any trigonometric function, and is its derivative, = + In all formulas the constant a is assumed to be nonzero, and C denotes the constant of integration.
The restriction on Arg(x) is to avoid a discontinuity (shown as the orange vs blue area on the left half of the plot above) that arises because of a branch cut in the standard logarithm function ( ln ). Ci(x) is the antiderivative of cos x / x (which vanishes as ).
The following is a list of integrals (antiderivative functions) of logarithmic functions. For a complete list of integral functions, see list of integrals. Note: x > 0 is assumed throughout this article, and the constant of integration is omitted for simplicity.
A formula for computing the trigonometric identities for the one-third angle exists, but it requires finding the zeroes of the cubic equation 4x 3 − 3x + d = 0, where is the value of the cosine function at the one-third angle and d is the known value of the cosine function at the full angle.
Instead of +∞ and −∞, we have only one ∞, at both ends of the real line. That is often appropriate when dealing with rational functions and with trigonometric functions. (This is the one-point compactification of the line.) As x varies, the point (cos x, sin x) winds repeatedly around the unit circle centered at (0, 0). The point
Indefinite integrals are antiderivative functions. A constant (the constant of integration) may be added to the right hand side of any of these formulas, but has been suppressed here in the interest of brevity.
A. Dieckmann, Table of Integrals (Elliptic Functions, Square Roots, Inverse Tangents and More Exotic Functions): Indefinite Integrals Definite Integrals; Math Major: A Table of Integrals; O'Brien, Francis J. Jr. "500 Integrals of Elementary and Special Functions". Derived integrals of exponential, logarithmic functions and special functions.
In integral calculus, Euler's formula for complex numbers may be used to evaluate integrals involving trigonometric functions. Using Euler's formula, any trigonometric function may be written in terms of complex exponential functions, namely e i x {\displaystyle e^{ix}} and e − i x {\displaystyle e^{-ix}} and then integrated.