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The Assad family, c. 1993.Front: Anisa Makhlouf and Hafez al-Assad.Rear, left to right: Maher, Bashar, Bassel, Majd, and Bushra al-Assad. The Assad family had ruled Syria since 1971, when Hafez al-Assad seized power and became the president of Syria under the Syrian Ba'ath Party.
The United States, European Union, and the majority of the Arab League called for Assad to resign. The civil war has killed around 580,000 people, of which a minimum of 306,000 deaths are non-combatant; according to the Syrian Network for Human Rights, pro-Assad forces caused more than 90% of those civilian deaths. [3]
Many more have been injured, and tens of thousands of protesters have been imprisoned. According to the Assad regime, between March 2011 and May 2012, 9,815–10,146 people, including 3,430 members of the security forces, 2,805–3,140 insurgents and up to 3,600 civilians, have been killed in fighting with what they characterize as "armed ...
615–672 foreign soldiers have been killed during the conflict, mostly by military involvement from their countries and in the border areas with Syria. 16 Iraqi servicemen killed. On 2 March 2013, one Iraqi soldier was killed during clashes between Syrian rebels and government forces at a Syrian-Iraqi border crossing. [158]
[4] [3] Domestically, his early years in power witnessed Sunni uprisings against his rule, which were violently put down during the 1982 Hama massacre, an incident estimated to have killed between 20,000-40,000 civilians. [2] [3]
[1] [2] Alawites were largely poor and rural, and were a marginalized group in Syria until Hafez al-Assad gained power. [2] Robert D. Kaplan claimed that an Alawite ruling Syria was an "unprecedented development shocking to the Sunni-majority population which had monopolized power for so many centuries."
On the same day, two civilians were killed in shelling between Pro-Assad militias and SDF forces Abu Al-Hamam town in the eastern countryside of Deir ez-Zor. [166] On 12 August, the SOHR reported that at least 45 people had been killed in the Pro-Assad/SDF clashes along the Euphrates river in the Deir ez-Zor countryside. [167]
On November 30, the rebel groups conducted a lightning-fast offensive, killing dozens of government soldiers and taking control of Aleppo, Syria’s second-largest city.. It was the first time ...