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  2. Grade (slope) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(slope)

    l = slope length α = angle of inclination. The grade (US) or gradient (UK) (also called stepth, slope, incline, mainfall, pitch or rise) of a physical feature, landform or constructed line is either the elevation angle of that surface to the horizontal or its tangent. It is a special case of the slope, where zero indicates horizontality. A ...

  3. Grading (earthworks) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(earthworks)

    Section through railway track and foundation showing the sub-grade. Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work of ensuring a level base, or one with a specified slope, [1] for a construction work such as a foundation, the base course for a road or a railway, or landscape and garden improvements, or surface drainage.

  4. Slope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slope

    Slope illustrated for y = (3/2)x − 1.Click on to enlarge Slope of a line in coordinates system, from f(x) = −12x + 2 to f(x) = 12x + 2. The slope of a line in the plane containing the x and y axes is generally represented by the letter m, [5] and is defined as the change in the y coordinate divided by the corresponding change in the x coordinate, between two distinct points on the line.

  5. Stream gradient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_gradient

    Stream gradient (or stream slope) is the grade (or slope) of a stream.It is measured by the ratio of drop in elevation and horizontal distance. [1] It is a dimensionless quantity, usually expressed in units of meters per kilometer (m/km) or feet per mile (ft/mi); it may also be expressed in percent (%).

  6. Drainage gradient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_gradient

    Due to the normal cross slope and the interaction with grade, road sections with insufficient drainage gradient are few and short. Still, they account for an unacceptable number of skid accidents. These hot spots are found at the entrances and exits of banked curves, where the cross slope changes direction in order to create superelevation.

  7. Gradient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient

    The steepness of the slope at that point is given by the magnitude of the gradient vector. The gradient can also be used to measure how a scalar field changes in other directions, rather than just the direction of greatest change, by taking a dot product. Suppose that the steepest slope on a hill is 40%.

  8. Grade (climbing) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(climbing)

    The WI-grade is for "hard ice"; steep snow slopes, which are encountered frequently on alpine climbing routes, are not explicitly graded but instead, their steepest angle (approximate figure or a range) is quoted (e.g. 60–70 degree slope). [25] [26] WI-grade is for "seasonal" hard ice; an AI prefix is used instead for "alpine ice", which is ...

  9. Geometric design of roads - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_design_of_roads

    The profile of a road consists of road slopes, called grades, connected by parabolic vertical curves. Vertical curves are used to provide a gradual change from one road slope to another, so that vehicles may smoothly navigate grade changes as they travel.