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2. Substrate (aquarium) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(aquarium)

   For freshwater aquaria, gravel is the most common substrate. To prevent damage to fish, gravel should not be sharp. Aquarium gravel can be as coarse as pea-sized or as fine as 1–2 mm. [1] It is available in a number of colors, and may be naturally colored or dyed, and may have a polymer seal to ensure it does not affect water chemistry. [1]

3. Aquarium filter - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_filter

   Some filter materials, such as plastic "bioballs", are best used for biological filtration. With the notable exception of diatom filters, aquarium filters are rarely purely mechanical in action, as bacteria will colonise most filter materials effecting some degree of biological filtration. [1]

4. Sand filter - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_filter

   A very common arrangement for these filers is composed of: anthracite on top, sand and garnet, with a support of gravel at the bottom. The depth of these filters is normally between 0.6-1 m, above 1 m the pressure drop rises sharply and less than 0.6 m reduces the thickness of each filtering layer, thus reducing its efficienciy.

5. Raceway (aquaculture) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raceway_(aquaculture)

   Trout do best in spring water because it keeps a constant temperature, while catfish need a strong flow, about 80 litres per second for every 0.4 hectares of raceway. A backup water supply should be positioned so, if the water supply or pump fails, it can flow by gravity into the start of the raceway.

6. Water purification - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification

   In 1904, Allen Hazen showed that the efficiency of a sedimentation process was a function of the particle settling velocity, the flow through the tank and the surface area of tank. Sedimentation tanks are typically designed within a range of overflow rates of 0.5 to 1.0 gallons per minute per square foot (or 1250 to 2500 litres per square meter ...

7. Hydroponics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroponics

   Indeed, plants growing in a typical traditional gravel filter bed, with water circulated using electric powerhead pumps, are in effect being grown using gravel hydroponics, also termed "nutriculture". Gravel is inexpensive, easy to keep clean, drains well and will not become waterlogged.