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Stereolithography is a 3D-printing technique that uses photopolymerization to bind substrate that has been laid layer upon layer, creating a polymeric network. As opposed to fused-deposition modeling, where the extruded material hardens immediately to form layers, 4D printing is fundamentally based in stereolithography, where in most cases ultraviolet light is used to cure the layered ...
A four-dimensional product (4D product) considers a physical product as a life-like entity capable of changing form and physical properties autonomously over time. It is an evolving field of product design practice and research linked to similar concepts at the material scale (programmable matter and four-dimensional printing), however, typically utilizes sensors and actuators in order to ...
The 4D/RCS Reference Model Architecture is a reference model for military unmanned vehicles on how their software components should be identified and organized. The 4D/RCS has been developed by the Intelligent Systems Division (ISD) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) since the 1980s.
4D (software), a complete programming environment including database and web server 4D SAS, developers of 4D and Wakanda; 4D Inc, a US-based subsidiary of 4D SAS; 4D BIM, a term used in computer aided design; 4D printing; Cinema 4D, a commercial cross platform 3D graphics application; SGI IRIS 4D, a line of workstations from Silicon Graphics
The first production-worthy version is released — Cinema 4D XL V5. 1998 Cinema 4D SE V5 is released. 1999 Cinema 4D GO V5 and Cinema 4D NET are introduced. 2000 Cinema 4D XL V6 is released. BodyPaint 3D is made available as an integrated version for Cinema 4D, and as a standalone version for other 3D packages. 2001 Cinema 4D ART is introduced.
The homotopy type of a simply connected compact 4-manifold only depends on the intersection form on the middle dimensional homology. A famous theorem of Michael Freedman () implies that the homeomorphism type of the manifold only depends on this intersection form, and on a / invariant called the Kirby–Siebenmann invariant, and moreover that every combination of unimodular form and Kirby ...
Four-dimensional space (4D) is the mathematical extension of the concept of three-dimensional space (3D). Three-dimensional space is the simplest possible abstraction of the observation that one needs only three numbers, called dimensions , to describe the sizes or locations of objects in the everyday world.
An illustration from Jouffret's Traité élémentaire de géométrie à quatre dimensions.The book, which influenced Picasso, was given to him by Princet. New possibilities opened up by the concept of four-dimensional space (and difficulties involved in trying to visualize it) helped inspire many modern artists in the first half of the twentieth century.