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LaBerge's subjects experienced their lucid dream while in a state of REM, which critics felt may mean that the subjects are fully awake. J. Allen Hobson responded that lucid dreaming must be a state of both waking and dreaming. [54] Philosopher Norman Malcolm was a proponent of dream skepticism. [55]
Techniques for extending hypnagogia range from informal (e.g. the subject holds up one of their arms as they go to sleep, to be awakened when it falls), [48] to the use of biofeedback devices to induce a "theta" state – produced naturally the most when we are dreaming – characterized by relaxation and theta EEG activity. [49]
A false awakening may occur following a dream or following a lucid dream (one in which the dreamer has been aware of dreaming). Particularly, if the false awakening follows a lucid dream, the false awakening may turn into a "pre-lucid dream", [2] that is, one in which the dreamer may start to wonder if they are really awake and may or may not come to the correct conclusion.
With other lucid-dream-inducing technologies, sleepers have been able to enter the lucid dream state, but they can quickly forget they are dreaming or get overexcited and wake up, he said. Being ...
Lucid Dreaming: The power of being aware and awake in your dreams. J.P. Tarcher. ISBN 0-87477-342-3. LaBerge, Stephen; Rheingold, Howard (1990). Exploring the World of Lucid Dreaming. National Geographic Books. ISBN 0-345-37410-X. LaBerge, Stephen (2004). Lucid Dreaming: A Concise Guide to Awakening in Your Dreams and in Your Life. ISBN 1-59179 ...
The term "pre-lucid dream" was first introduced by Celia Green in her 1968 book Lucid Dreams. It is preferred to the term "near-lucid" dream on the following grounds: Historical priority: it has been in use since 1968. Currency: it was subsequently adopted by other writers on the phenomenon of lucid dreaming, such as Stephen LaBerge (1985).
It was initially thought that NREM sleep is the absence of dreaming, or dreams occur more rarely compared to REM sleep because 90–95% of those who wake up in the middle of REM sleep will report that they have had a dream, but only 5–10% of those waking up in the middle of non-REM sleep will report they've had a dream. [14]
A lucid dream is a type of dream in which the dreamer becomes aware that they are dreaming while dreaming. In a preliminary study, dreamers were able to consciously communicate with experimenters via eye movements or facial muscle signals, and were able to comprehend complex questions and use working memory.