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Ethanol fuel has a "gasoline gallon equivalency" (GGE) value of 1.5, i.e. to replace the energy of 1 volume of gasoline, 1.5 times the volume of ethanol is needed. [4] [5] Ethanol-blended fuel is widely used in Brazil, the United States, and Europe (see also Ethanol fuel by country). [2]
Cheese whey, barley, potato waste, beverage waste, and brewery and beer waste have been used as feedstocks for ethanol fuel, but at a far smaller scale than corn and sugarcane ethanol, as plants using these feedstocks have the capacity to produce only 3 to 5 million US gallons (11 × 10 ^ 3 to 19 × 10 ^ 3 m 3) per year. [92]
The maximum water concentration according to the Agência Nacional do Petróleo (ANP) specification is 4.9 vol.% (approximately 6.1 weight%) [147] The E nomenclature is not adopted in Brazil, but hydrated ethanol can be tagged as E100, meaning it does not have any gasoline, because the water content is not an additive, but rather a residue from ...
Until 2005 Brazil was the world's top producer of ethanol fuel when it was surpassed by the United States. Together both countries were responsible in 2011 for 87.1% of the world's ethanol fuel production. [1] In 2009 Brazil produced 27.5 billion liters (7.26 billion U.S. liquid gallons), [13] representing 35.9% of the world's total ethanol ...
93 is widely available in the Chicago area. Elsewhere in Illinois, 93 is offered at Shell and select other stations. Many fuel stations now offer an 88-octane fuel blend that is 15% ethanol, suitable for use in some gasoline-powered automobiles from model year 2001 and newer. Indiana: 87 89 93 Iowa: 87 89 91
Gasoline marketers agree when they sign on to Top Tier program that all their grades of gasoline meet these standards. [10] However, premium grade gasoline may have yet higher levels of detergent additives. [11] Typically, Top Tier gasoline will contain two to three times the amount of detergent additives currently required by the EPA. [12]
There is a wide range of fuel cell concepts that have entered trials including direct-ethanol fuel cells, auto-thermal reforming systems and thermally integrated systems. The majority of work is being conducted at a research level although there are a number of organizations at the beginning of the commercialization of ethanol fuel cells. [71]
Although the mandate does not require a specific percentage of ethanol, annual increases in the target combined with declining gasoline consumption have caused the typical ethanol content in gasoline to approach 10 percent. Most fuel pumps display a sticker that states that the fuel may contain up to 10 percent ethanol, an intentional disparity ...