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Pregnancy when coupled with domestic violence is a form of intimate partner violence (IPV) where health risks may be amplified. Abuse during pregnancy , whether physical, verbal or emotional, produces many adverse physical and psychological effects for both the mother and fetus.
In India, around 70% of women are victims of domestic violence. [16] [17] Between 1993 and 2001, U.S. women reported intimate partner violence almost seven times more frequently than men (a ratio of 20:3). [18] Statistics for the year 1994 showed that more than five times as many females reported being victimized by an intimate than did males. [19]
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is domestic violence by a current or former spouse or partner in an intimate relationship against the other spouse or partner. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] IPV can take a number of forms, including physical , verbal , emotional , economic and sexual abuse .
[2] [5] Female victims of IPV, for whom 1 in 6 are first abused during pregnancy, [6] are 4 times as likely to report increased severity in violence during pregnancy than nonpregnant abused women. [7] The risk of being a victim of femicide is therefore tripled for women experiencing IPV during pregnancy. [3]
The term "domestic violence" is often used as a synonym for "intimate partner violence", which is committed by one of the people in an intimate relationship against the other person, and can take place in relationships or between former spouses or partners. In its broadest sense, domestic violence also involves violence against children ...
Domestic sexual violence, such as forced sex or marital rape, may follow or be part of physical abuse, but is not always the case. In Mexico and the United States , studies estimate that 40–52% of women experiencing physical violence by an intimate partner have also been sexually coerced by that partner.
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is one of the most prevalent forms of violence that Native American women experience and includes physical, psychological, and sexual violence perpetrated by a partner or former partner. [48] Indigenous women experience high levels of intimate partner violence in the United States often due to structural violence.
Reproductive coercion and unintended pregnancy are strongly associated, and this association is stronger in individuals who have experienced intimate partner violence. [1] While research remains fragmentary, women in abusive relationships are at higher risk of reproductive coercion and unintended pregnancies.