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A flame cell is a specialized excretory cell found in simple invertebrates, including flatworms (Platyhelminthes), rotifers and nemerteans; these are the simplest animals to have a dedicated excretory system. Flame cells function like a kidney, removing waste materials. Bundles of flame cells are called protonephridia. [1]
In addition to excretion, these cells contribute to ion regulation and osmoregulation. [citation needed] With this in mind, solenocytes form subtypes of protonephridium and are often compared to another specialized excretory cell type, i.e., flame cells. [citation needed] Solenocytes have flagella, while flame cells are generally ciliated. [3]
Flatworm flame cell. A protonephridium (proto = "first") is found in the phyla Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Rotifera and Chordata . They have the same anatomy as the metanephridia but with the internal ciliated funnel blocked by terminal cells: either a flame cells (if ciliated) or a solenocytes (if flagellated).
The protonephridia of nemertea and flatworms are different in structure, [53] and in position – the flame cells of nemertea are usually in the walls of the fluid vessels and are served by "drains" from which the wastes exit by a small number of tubes through the skin, [27] while the flame cells of flatworms are scattered throughout the body.
Each tubule within the excretory system is connected to a flame cell, otherwise known as protonephridia. These cells are modified parenchyme cells. In F. hepatica, their role is to perform excretion, but more importantly, osmoregulatory functions. Flame cells are therefore primarily used to remove excess water. [20]
A mastax, a jaw-like structure, grinds the food as it enters the stomach. Excretory structures known as flame cells create a current that drains them into the intestines or the bladder. [2] They have transparent bodies and two strong structures that are used for swimming. They are sheathed in a glassy shell secreted by their outer skin. [2]
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Each proglottid contains an independent reproductive tract, and like some other flatworms, cestodes excrete waste through flame cells (protonephridia) located in the proglottids. The sum of the proglottids is called a strobila, which is thin and resembles a strip of tape; from this is derived the common name "tapeworm".